MITES

INTRODUCTION

Mites, are small arthropod belonging to the subclass acari (also known as Acarina) and the class arachnida.  In soil ecosystems, mites are favored by high organic matter content and by moist conditions, where in they actively engage in the fragmentation and mixing of organic matter.

LIFE CYCLE OF MITES



•Scabies, a mite infestation causing itching and irritation, often lead to secondary infections induced by scratching.
•Scabies is cause by female (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis) burrowing, after mating, into epidermal stratum corneum, where she feeds on lymph. There she lays the eggs and leaves scybala (fecal material).

DISEASES CAUSE BY MITES
Mites which colonize human skin are the cause of several types of skin itchy rashes, such as grain itch, grocers itch, and scabies.

HOW TO CONTROL

•Depend on type of mite.
•Host-related can be reduced by controlling the HOST itself (birds, rats, house mice) by modifying buildings. Trapping and poisoning.
•Keeping grasses cut short and removing vegetable near buildings.
•Pesticides for outdoor residual treatment.
•Repellent
•Personal hygiene
•Hot water and soap who infected.

TICKS

INTRODUCTION

Ticks are small arachnids in the order Parasitiformes. Ticks are ectoparasites (external parasites), living by hematophagy on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians.

TYPES OF TICKS

• HARD TICK (Ixodidae)
• SOFT TICK (Argasidae)

LIFE CYCLE OF TICKS

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

•Hard ticks: Rickettsia rickettsii(Rocky mountain spotted fever) and Borrelia burgdorferi(Lyme disease) transmitted by tick biteand by contaminated on open wound by crushes tick tissue or feces.

•Soft ticks: genus Ornithodorostransmits the pathogen for tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia sp) by salivary secretions & infectious fluids.

HOW TO CONTROL

1.Tucking trouser legs into sock tops.

2.Inspecting body during & after possible exposure to ticks.

3.Using tick repellent prior potential exposure.

4.Keep lawns and yards cut.

5.Control domestic animals (host) –tick/flea collars, spraying, dusting.

6.Building, kennels, bedding areas treat simultaneously

FLEAS

INTRODUCTION

Fleas are the insects forming the order Siphonaptera. They are wingless, with mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. Fleas are external parasites, living by hematophagy off the blood of mammals and birds.

Some flea species include:

• cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis)
• dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
• human flea (Pulex irritans)
• moorhen flea (Dasypsyllus gallinulae)
• northern rat flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus)
• oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

FLEA LIFE CYCLE

DISEASES CAUSE BY FLEAS

•The most noted flea-related disease are typhus fever and plague.

•The most notable flea in these disease is probably the Xynopsylla cheopis also known as oriental rat flea which carry Yersinia pestis as a pathogen.

HOW TO CONTROL

Physical Control

•Vacuuming on a daily basis removes eggs, larvae and adults, thereby reducing flea numbers.

•Pet bedding should be washed in hot soapy water every two or three weeks.

•Old bedding should be discarded and replaced.

•Combing pets with a fine-toothed flea comb.Comb around the head and neck of the pet and the base of the tail.

•Fleas caught in the comb can be killed by immersing them in soapy water.

•In the case of heavy infestations, a combination of physical and chemical controls are often required to control the problem.

Chemical Control

•Apply pesticideonly to infested areas.

•People and pets should be out of the house when treatments are made, and not return until the treated spray surfaces have dried.

•Exterminate fleas with boric acid. Boric acid has long been used as a natural flea treatment. Sprinkling it all over the floors or carpeted. Vacuum the floors between 2 and 24 hours later

RODENTS!

INTRODUCTION

• Rodents are mammals, characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
•  About forty percent of all mammal species are rodents, and they are found in vast numbers on all continents except Antarctica. They are the most diversified mammalian order and can be found in a variety of terrestrial habitats, including human-made environments. 
• There are species that are semi-aquatic.Well known rodents include mice, rats, squirrel, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs, and hamsters.

TYPES OF RODENTS (RATS)

1. Norway Rats (Rattusnorvegicus)

Appearance

•Up to 40 cm in length, tail shorter than the head and body.

•350 –500g in weight.

•Blunt nose, small ears and a thicker body when compared to the Roof Rat.

Lifecycle

•7 –8 young per litter; 3 –6 litters a year.

•Gestation period of about 3 weeks.

•10 –12 weeks from birth to sexual maturity.

Habits

•Usually ground living and burrowing, but sometimes climbs.

•The only species to occur in sewers in Malaysia.

•Preferred food is cereals.

•Will eat around 30g of food a day and drink 60ml.

Roof Rats (Rattusrattus)

Appearance

•16 –24 cm in length, with a tail longer than the head and body.

•150 –200g in weight.

•Pointed nose, large ears, slender body when compared to the Norway Rat .

Lifecycle

•5 –10 young per litter; 3 –6 litters a year.

•Gestation period of about 3 weeks.

•12 –16 weeks from birth to sexual maturity.

Habits

•Rare in Malaysia. Appearance confined mainly to ports.

•Often climbs, agile, rarely burrowing and rarely outdoors in Malaysia.

•Preferred food is moist fruits.

•Will eat around 15g of food a day and drink 15ml.

House mice (Musmusculus)


Appearance
•7 –9.5cm in length, with a tail around the same length.
•12 –30g in weight.
•Small feet & head and large eyes & ears.
Lifecycle
•4 –16 young per litter; 7 –8 litters a year.
•Gestation period of about 3 weeks.
•8 –12 weeks from birth to sexual maturity.
Habits
•Usually ground living and burrowing, but often climbs.
•Preferred food is cereals.
•Will eat around 3g of food a day and can survive without any additional water.
•They will drink up to 3ml a day if their diet is particularly dry.


PROBLEMS

•Spread serious diseases, including salmonellosis (food poisoning), leptospirosis, rickettsialpoxand lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
•Carry fleas, ticks and other ectoparasites, potentially spread diseases, such as bubonic plague.

•Consume or contaminate about 20 percent of the world’s food supply.
•Gnaw, expensive structural damage, start fires if they gnaw on electrical wires.
•Cause a great deal of anxiety for occupants (people and pets) of infested buildings.

•Pose serious risks for food facilities. Single rodent can cause fines, poor inspection scores, disgruntled employees and lost business.


RODENTS CONTROL MEASURE

1. eliminating sources of food
2. eliminating breeding and nesting place
3. rat-proofing building and others structure
4. kill them

FLIES

FLIES


TYPES OF FLIES

A. Famili Muscidae

• NON-BITING FLIES

–Musca domestica (lalat rumah)
–Musca sorben (lalat bazar)
–Muscina stabulus (lalat kandang)
–Fannia canicularis (lalat rumah kecil)

• BITING FLIES

–Stomoxys calcitrans (lalat kandang kuda)
–Hematobia irritans


B. Famili: Glossnidae
–Glossina spp (Lalat tse-tse)


C. Famili: Calliphoridae (Langau/ Blow flies)

• Glossy/shining (metalic):

i.Callipora spp. – Blue bottle
ii.Lucillia spp. – Green bottle
iii. Phormia spp. – Black Blow flies
iv.Chrysomyia spp. – blue-green bottle

• Non-glossy:

–Auchmeromya spp
–Cordylobia spp.


D. Famili: Sarcophagidae (Lalat daging):
–Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis


E. Famili: Drosophilidae ( lalat buah):
–Drosophila melanogaster


F. Famili: Chloropidae (Lalat mata):
–Siphunculina funicola


PLACE OF BREEDING

Environmental Health Department
1.Domestic house
-Source of breeding: food wastage, garbage, dirty drainage
2.Farm
-Source of breeding: dung, livestock food wastage and animal carrions
3.‘Kebun sayur’
-Source of breeding: garbage from agricultural site, perlimbahan, parit tersumbat
4. Market:
-Source of breeding:garbage, carrions, ‘sisa buangan’, ‘longkang tersumbat’
5. Food processing centre:
-Source of breeding: garbage, wastage, cairan bahan mentah
6. Pusat penyembelihan:
-Source of breeding: sisa buangan membusuk, cairan darah pada permukaan lantai, bangkai


MODE OF DISEASES TRANSMISION

•On their mouthparts
•Through their vomitus
•On their body and leg hairs
•On the sticky pads of their feet
•Through intestinal tract by means of fly feces.

DISEASES

•Typhoid
•Cholera
•Dysentery
•Salmonella
•Anthrax
•Tuberculosis
•Transmit the eggs of parasitic worms
•Leishmaniasis
•Onchocerciasis
•Trypanosomiasis
•Bartonellosis
•Myiasis
•Typhoid
•Leprosy

LICE

LICE
Lice is the common name for members of over 3,000 species of wingless insects of the order Phthiraptera; three of which are classified as human disease agents.
Humans host three different kinds of lice:

•  head lice.
•  body lice.
• pubic lice.

HOW TO CONTROLS
-Lice infestations can be controlled with:

• lice combs 
• medicated shampoos or washes
• Laundering of clothing with hot water or dry cleaning
• Approved insecticides –dusting the host or threating floor.

LIFE CYCLES OF LICE

SYMPTOMS

•Detection of adult lice or nymphs on the scalp is the best way to determine it present.

•Only small number of people develop an itch due to an allergic reaction to the saliva of the louse.

•The presence of eggs is not a reliable sign of active head lice.

•Eggs need the warmth and moisture of the scalp to hatch.

•Eggs that are far than 1.5cm from the scalp are dead/hatched.

PREVENTION

•Avoid head to head contact with other persons.

•Keep long hair tied back or in plaits.

•Do not share brushes, combs, or pillows.

•Wash combs and hair brushes after each use.

•Infected persons pillow should be washed daily or put in the clothes dryer for 15 minutes.

•Treat all household members whose infected.

•Keep hair short.It is easier to detect and treat.

MOSQUITOS

introduction of mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are a family of small, midge-like flies: the Culicidae. Although a few species are harmless or even useful to humanity, the females of most species are ectoparasites whose tube-like mouthparts (called a proboscis) pierce the hosts' skin to suck the blood.Some mosquitoes also attack invertebrates, mainly arthropods.
Though the loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the victim, the saliva of the mosquito often causes an irritating rash that is a serious nuisance.
 Much more serious though, are the roles of many species of mosquitoes as vectors of diseases.
 In passing from host to host, some transmit extremely harmful infections such a malaria,yellow fever, west nile virus and filariasis.

TYPES OF MOSQUITOES IN MALAYSIA

Anopheles

Anopheles also can serve as the vectors for canine heartworm Dirofilaria immitis, the filariasis-causing species Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, and viruses such as one that causes O'nyong'nyong fever.

Aedes

Members of the Aedes genus are known vectors for numerous viral infections. Viruses that cause dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile fever, chikungunya, and eastern equine encephalitis.

Culex

Vectors of important diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and avian malaria.

Mansonia

 
Mansonia mosquitoes are big, black or brown mosquitoes with sparkling on their wings and legs. Transmit various arboviruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Mansonioides transmit several arboviruses, Brugian filariasis. Mansonia uniformis, is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti.

LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITOES

• Female mosquitoes lay about 30-300 eggs at one time.
•  Eggs are black or brown in color and 1mm or less. 
• In most culinices , the eggs are elongate or oval in shape and laid on the water surface in a raft, but eggs of Mansonia are cylinder and pointed apically and laid in a sticky mass on the underside of aquatic plants.
•  Aedes do not lay their eggs on the water surface, but laid singly above the water line on a moist substrate and can withstand desiccation for months.
•  Eggs of anophelines are boat-shaped and laid singly on the surface of the water.

Larva (Wigglers)

•It needs food

•Breath

•7-10 days

•4 instar stages

•Larvae molt to grow

•The fourth stage will form pupa

Pupa (Tumblers)

•No mouth part – does not eat

•1-4 days

•Has breathing siphon (trumpet) - Cephalothoraxes

•Divided into 2 parts:

–Cephalothoraxes (head & thorax)

–Abdomen

•Paddle – to swim

Adult

•Male mosquitoes

–live for a few days

–feed on plant nectar or fluid

•Female mosquitoes

–live for a few weeks

–feed on blood as source of protein for development of eggs

DISEASES

•Anophelene: Malaria

•Aedes aegypti: Denggi berdarah

•Aedes aegypti :Yellow Fever

•Aedes aegypti: Chikungunya

•Aedes albopictus: Demam Denggi

•Genus Mansonia: Filariasis

•Genus Culex: Japanese Encefalitis

•Genus Culex: West Nile Fever

•Genus Culex: St. Louis Encephalitis

•Genus Culex: Eastern Equine Encephalitis